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Alzheimer’s-related brain changes progressed up to 20 times faster in women who also had abnormal levels of a Parkinson’s-related protein, according to a Mayo Clinic study published in JAMA Network Open in March. The same pattern was not observed in men.

The findings suggest that when alpha-synuclein — a protein linked to Parkinson’s disease — accumulates alongside Alzheimer’s pathology, it may drive faster disease progression in women. That interaction could help explain a long-standing disparity: women make up nearly two-thirds of people living with Alzheimer’s disease in the U.S.

Kejal Kantarci, M.D., a Mayo Clinic neuroradiologist and senior author of the study, uses advanced brain imaging to track Alzheimer’s progression.

“Recognizing these sex-specific differences could help us design more targeted clinical trials and ultimately more personalized treatment strategies,” Dr. Kantarci said.

“When we see disease-related changes unfolding at dramatically different rates, we cannot keep approaching Alzheimer’s as though it behaves exactly the same way in everyone. Co-pathologies may impact the disease process.”

The role of tau protein

Alzheimer’s disease is marked by the buildup of tau protein in the brain. Many people along the Alzheimer’s disease continuum also develop abnormal clumping of α-synuclein, a protein associated with Lewy body diseases such as Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies.

Tau and α-synuclein occur naturally in the brain. In neurodegenerative diseases, however, these proteins can misfold and clump together, forming abnormal deposits. This pathological buildup disrupts communication between brain cells and contributes to cognitive decline.

How the study worked

Researchers set out to determine whether having both abnormal protein buildups alters how the disease progresses and whether that effect differs between women and men.

To investigate, the team analyzed data from 415 participants in the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, a national research consortium that tracks brain changes over time. Participants underwent cerebrospinal fluid testing to detect abnormal α-synuclein and repeated brain imaging to measure changes in tau accumulation. About 17% of participants showed evidence of abnormal α-synuclein.

Among participants with both Alzheimer’srelated pathology and α-synucleinn abnormalities, women accumulated tau dramatically faster than men with the same coexisting protein changes.

Elijah Mak, Ph.D., first author of the study and a Mayo Clinic neuroimaging researcher, studies how multiple brain pathologies interact and drive disease progression.

“This opens an entirely new direction for understanding why women bear a disproportionate burden of dementia,” Dr. Mak said. “If we can unravel the mechanisms behind this vulnerability, we may uncover targets we haven’t considered before.”

The researchers are now examining whether these sex-specific effects also appear in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies, where α-synuclein is the primary disease driver rather than a coexisting pathology.

The work will help determine whether the observed difference is unique to Alzheimer’s disease or reflects a broader sex-specific vulnerability across neurodegenerative conditions.

For a complete list of authors, disclosures and funding, review the study at bit.ly/newmayostudy.

—Mayo Clinic News Network