Why water workouts work wonders

Photo by Jim Carroll | Unsplash

By Kimberly Olsen
Posted on May 29, 2026

Dear Mayo Clinic: We have a new fitness facility nearby. The pool schedule shows a number of water fitness classes. I’d like to try one to add variety to my regular fitness routine, but can I really get a good workout in water?

A: Regular exercise provides a wide range of benefits, including weight management, improved cardiovascular health and sleep quality.

But for many people, common forms of exercise, such as walking, running and weight training, are a struggle due to pain, weakness, mobility issues or fear of falling.

Aquatic exercise is an excellent way to focus on fitness in a gravity-reduced environment. Here’s why:

Buoyancy. When standing waist-deep in water, buoyancy reduces your body weight by half, making this form of exercise very low-impact. This significantly reduces the stress on your weight-bearing joints and bones.

Support. Water provides support for people with balance problems. The constant movement of water during a workout also challenges a person’s balance.

Resistance. Water’s viscosity slows movement and provides resistance, making aquatic exercise a great resistance-training workout. With less joint stress, people find they can work out longer and do more repetitions.

All these benefits make water exercise a good, overall workout that improves strength, cardio and flexibility. As with any exercise, check with your healthcare team before starting a new routine.

What to know before jumping into the pool

1. Aquatic exercise is versatile. Aquatic exercise offers a variety of options and techniques for almost all levels of physical ability. These range from basic, such as walking in the water, to more high-level aerobic activities, such as deep-water running or swimming.

Standing exercises often are performed in water that’s waist to chest deep, and they typically focus on improving range of motion/flexibility, balance and strength.

Resistance training can be amplified by simply increasing the speed and range of movement or adding equipment that increases drag, such as webbed mitts, paddles, noodles or bands.

2. You don’t need to know how to swim. Having a basic knowledge of swimming or water safety is a good idea for anyone who’s around water, but aquatic exercise doesn’t necessarily involve swimming. For many of the movements, you only need to be able to stand in the water.

3. Water temperature is important. Aquatic exercise in lower water temperatures (82° F) is generally best for higher-level intensity exercise or people who are prone to overheating, such as those who are pregnant, obese or have multiple sclerosis.

Warmer temperatures (84° to 92° F) are better for people with arthritis, fibromyalgia or pain, as well as those who are frail.

4. Be aware of your abilities. With the increased ease of exercise in water, people often can tolerate longer exercise sessions. You may be more fatigued than expected after an aquatic exercise session.

5. Consider group exercises to mix it up. Group aquatic exercise classes are a great way to socialize, build connections, find support, increase accountability and stay motivated. Classes often are led by instructors who have special training in exercising in an aquatic environment.

Beyond the basics

Amping up your water workout on your own or in a class may include resistance equipment such as:

Foam dumbbells: Lightweight on land, they provide resistance underwater through flotation.

Water weights: Strap-on ankle or wrist weights increase resistance during arm and leg exercises.

Hand paddles and resistance gloves: They enhance strength training.

Buoyancy belt: Helps keep your head above water in the deep end while leaving your hands free. You can run, lift weights and do other workouts using your hands without having to tread water.

People often enjoy working out more in water than on land. When they’re not in pain or afraid of falling and are having fun, it encourages them to exercise more consistently. You can even get in a good workout without getting your hair wet.

—Kimberly Olsen, Physical Therapy, Mayo Clinic Health System, Mankato, Minnesota

Mayo Clinic Q & A is an educational resource and doesn’t replace regular medical care. This Mayo Clinic Q&A represents inquiries this healthcare expert has received from patients. For more information, visit mayoclinic.org.